Determining the Concentration of Calcium Carbonate in an Unknown Substance through the Methods of Titration Aim Essay Example for Free

Determining the Concentration of Calcium Carbonate in an Unknown Substance through the Methods of Titration Aim EssayDetermine the concentration of the unsung ethanoic irate solution by titrating with a known concentration of sodium hydrated oxideEquipment and Materials* Unknown ethanoic acid* 50cm3 burette* 250cm3 Erlenmeyer flask* 100cm3 beaker (for CH3COOH)* cccm3 beaker (for NaOH)* 100cm3 beaker (for waste)* Standardized sodium hydrated oxide solution* Burette clamp* Retort stand* Phenolphthalein indicator* 50cm3 graduated cylinder* Distilled water (to rinsing the flask)ProcedureTo begin with, obtain approximately 200 cm3 of sodium hydrated oxide solution. Then, set up the retort stand and burette clamp as indicated in the diagram below. Using two 10 cm3 aliquots of the NaOH solution, rinse the burette twice. Next, fill to above the 0.00cm3 mark and drain down to below the 0.00cm3 mark in order of magnitude to remove any air bubbles. After that, transportation system 50 cm3 of the unknown acid into the 250cm3 flask. Into the same flask, place 2 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator. Finally, add sodium hydroxide from the burette until you reach the terminus.Procedural NotesTo accommodate for the sodium hydroxide that splashes to the sides of the flask, distilled water was used. Using the distilled water on the sides of the flask was rinsed down to bring the sodium hydroxide to the rest of the solution in the flask. Also, when dropping a half-drop into the flask, the pursuance procedure was used First, a half-drop was made at the tip of the burette. Then, using the flask, the half-drop was collected to the flasks side. Finally, using the distilled water, the half-drop was rinsed down to the rest of the solution.To make it easier to recognize the endpoint of the reaction, a white paper was put under the flask. This way, it was easier to see when the solution changed color.Observation (Data Collection)Quantitative DataMeasurements Recorded Durin g the ExperimentTrial123*4*Initial Burette Reading (ml?0.02ml)0.200.420.100.23Final Burette Reading (ml?0.02ml)45.7045.9345.3945.30Volume of Ethanoic Acid Used (ml?0.04ml)50.0050.0050.0050.00*To increase the results, trial 3 and 4 was taken from another group to get more data, thereby increasing the accuracy of the data.Qualitative DataDescriptions of the Substances Used and ProducedSodium hydrated oxideClear solution, low viscosity, tricksyEthanoic acidClear solution, acidic,Phenolphthalein indicatorClear solution, comes in bottle, add as dropsSolution Produced (NaCH3COO(aq) + H2O)Clear/pink throughout, trail 4 was the most successful as it was closest to clear than all other trails. Volume of trial 1 was greatest as a lot of water was used in order to wash down the sodium hydroxide stuck to the side of the flask.Data AnalysisThe neutralization reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethanoic acid isSodium Hydroxide + Ethanoic acid Sodium Ehthanoate + WaterTherefore, the groinar ratio is 1 mole of sodium hydroxide to 1 mole of ethanoic acid. Sodium hydroxide is known to pass a concentration of 1.003 mol dm-30.004 mol dm-3.Consequently, the following represents the calculations to determine the concentration of ethanoic acid in trial 1Using similar calculations, the concentration of ethanoic acid for trials 2,3, and 4 were calculated as well. The following table represents the results.Results for the calculations of the concentration of ethanoic acid used in each trialTrialConcentration of CH3COOH / mol dm-3 CH3COOHUncertainties / %10.9131.320.9131.330.9091.340.9041.3Average0.9101.3ConclusionIn conclusion, the result of this laboratory indicates that the concentration of CH3COOH is 0.910 mol dm-3. Using this tax, and the actual value of ethnoic acid, 0.9190 mol dm-3 0.0004 mol dm-3, percent misplay was calculated as followsWith this, we see that the percent of uncertainties is greater than the percent error. The percent of uncertainties represents the r andom errors, in which the measured value can either be bigger or smaller than the accepted value, due to an imprecise measurement. To improve these random errors, it is necessary to use more precise equipment and/or recapitulate measurements. One example of this would be to use a pipette instead of a graduated cylinder, especially because ?0.4 cm3 is a relatively large uncertainty. Consequently, the use of such(prenominal) equipment led to the percent of uncertainties being greater than the percent error. This means that the random errors cover for the errors in this lab. However, there are a couple potential magisterial errors that should be appointed in this lab. The biggest wiz would be that it is hard to get to the endpoint, where the solution is barely pink. In all trials, the solution became clear pink.However, it was only in trial 4 that the solution was truly ambiguous to whether it was slightly pink. The difficulty of getting to this ambiguous clear pink is definitely a systematic error as it always leads to a larger volume of sodium hydroxide used to react. One way to improve this may be to perform the lab in a longer time span. When I performed the lab, I felt pressured to get a sufficient summation of trials done within the class period. By stretching the time span of the lab, it may be possible to take more time and get better quality results. A more true to life(predicate) improvement may be to record measurements more frequently when approaching the endpoint. This would give us two measurements that the endpoint lies within, helping us estimate where the endpoint actually is.However, improving this error would lead to a smaller volume of sodium hydroxide, a smaller value for the concentration of ethanoic acid, which would make the observed value further from the true value. Another systematic error in this lab is the sodium hydroxide splashing to the sides of the flask. Although using water to rinse the sodium hydroxide down was aimed to cover this, another way to improve this may be to use equipment with a wider mouth, such as a beaker, instead of a flask. once again, improving this error would lead to a greater percent error for the same reasons as the difficulty of getting an ambiguous pink color.Next, although it most potential did not affect the results in this lab, there is a question to whether rinsing the burette two times is sufficient. To improve this, it may be suggested that rinsing the burette 4 times is more sensible, even though it is time consuming. A final systematic error comes when transferring the ethanoic acid from the graduated cylinder. When this happens, some of the ethanoic acid may be retained in the graduated cylinder. This is a systematic error as this always leads to a smaller volume of ethanoic acid than measured. To improve this error, one may pour a tiny bit more than 50 ml of ethanoic acid, and measure that as 50 ml of ethanoic acid. Improving this error leads to a larger volume of ethanoic acid, a lower concentration of ethanoic acid, and once again, an increase in percent error.All in all, it is very interesting how knowing the amount of one substance can help determine the amount of another substance, although it is a topic that appears frequently in chemistry. In this case, knowing the number of moles of sodium hydroxide enabled us to know the concentration of the ethanoic acid. Furthermore, this lab helps one enhance their knowledge on the difficulty of setting up a lab. By reviewing and spirit the errors to a lab, one can relate the improvements to future labs. In a nutshell, this lab exemplified the process of titration, and how useful it can be.

Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Fast Food Essay some people nowadays depend on dissipated food restaurants in their daily life. Most of them in particular young people prefer to eat prompt food such as hamburgers, sweltering dogs, French fries and pizza. There argon many this restaurants are popular. The main ones are that the fast food is easy to get, cheaper, tastes delicious, and it is always ready. The main reason why fast food is so popular is because it is easy to get. Many people work long hours, so they do not have time to prepare their own food. It is easier and more convenient to stop and get something fast to eat, like a hamburger or a pizza. Also, in this times many women work and because of that they have less time to prepare family meals. It is easier for them to just army some fast food. Another reason for the popularity of fast food is that it tastes delicious. Fast food gives the children the kind of food they really love, such as nuggets, pizza, donuts, fries and hot dogs.Everyone loves f ast food not only because it is always ready also because it tastes delicious. Nowadays fast food is also very popular because of upgradement. All forms of media advertise about fast food, such as the internet, television and billboards in the street. By these advertisements they know where every restaurant of fast food is located. The final reason why people also love fast food is because there are so many of them, next to their work place, their homes or on the side of the road.That is an big point to many people, because they do not want to waste time searching for a restaurant to eat, they want something near, fast and cheap. People eat fast food for many reasons, both bad and good. Most of the people consume it because it is easy to get, it is delicious and because they are everywhere. Everyone in some point of their life has eaten these food, because of the overleap of time, or because you do not feel like cooking. Eating this type of food is not bad as long as you do not o verdo it. If you combine it with a nutritious food everything is fine.

Rationale For Brand Extension Marketing Essay

Rationale For denounce Extension Marketing Essay place extension is right in enhancing modern and already existing divides. Through trademark extension companies burn target those segments which antecedently were non explored or inactive.Brand extension can be beneficial in price of fulfilling consumers changing preferences and needs, deficiencys and demands of the consumers. This would in conclusion consequence in increased loyalty for the pock and the cost associated with switching reproach is avoided.Brand extension is as well useful in terms of creating consumer trials. Comparatively to launching sassy smirchs, cost associated with consumer trial in blanket(a) brand is less. This can be more beneficial if companies in Pakistan focus on improving their distribution net break away as well.Brand extension is similarly useful when recognition, awargonness and diversion come into consideration. It can improve recognition of grow brand as well as aw arness cost can in addition decrease. Moreover, in Pakistani securities industry, it was observed than comparatively to set up brands, all-encompassing brands avails more awareness and resound.Utility of a brand can also be improved as a result of brand extension.Companies can give out more superpowerful by using brand extension which can give companies more bar tucking power with their retailers. Brand extension can strengthen compeverys position for bar dispatching with its retailers.To some extent brand extension is considered as a revitalizing process of any brand. It is considered as a system of re launching and refreshing a brand in the mind of the target consumers. It also helps in re view a brand in the eyes of consumers. exploitation brand extension strategy as a part of brand strategy, companies can also gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. It can be achieved by focusing on a market niche.Brand extension can also be beneficial in terms of shifting parent brand tech nological expertise to extensive brand in terms of production, and research and outgrowth (RD).Advantages Disadvantages of Brand ExtensionConsumer k immediatelyledge about parent brand reputation and image forever gives an advantage to companies. To communicate about extended brand benefits to the consumers, it is always beneficial for the companies if consumers already know about parent brand part and image. Use of parent brand to extend the brands plays a role of attention get process for extended brands. Consumer knowledge about parent brand image and note make companies to communicate precisely the benefits of extended brands.Trustworthiness of consumers about a brand is useful for the companies to brand extension strategy. Trustworthiness of consumers tempts them to try new products originating from a brand which consumers already trust on. Consumers already consider an implicit abidance with already proven brands, thus consumers feel free to try extended brand even in other market segments too.Revitalization and refreshment of parent brand can definitely be achieved through brand extension strategies. Even in Pakistan brand extension is considered a source of refreshment and dislodge of parent brand. It is also useful to reposition the image of parent brand in the mind of the consumers.Though, In Pakistan brand extension strategy is at its sign stages, but brand managers always focus to overcome the disadvantages associated with brand extension such(prenominal) as dilution of parent brand. There are couple of brands which got diluted as a brand extension strategy but most of the extended brand got success in the eyes of the consumers. The number of diluted brand are far and few.Brand extension caused cannibalization of gross revenue in Pakistani market. Companies in Pakistan like Nestle and Haleeb did face cannibalization of sales as a part of brand extension strategy.Success of Brand Extension sufficient between extended brand and the parent brand in terms of similarity and consistency of calibre and image is foremost important for the success of brand extension. Extended brands can be successful in the mind of the consumers, if consumers find the same quality and performance, which they order in the parent brand. Conversely extended brands can be a disaster for the company.Favorable appreciation by the consumers for the extended brand may chasten to the success of the extended brand and the parent brand, while unfavorable appreciation may result in tarnishing the parent brand image.Moderating variable such as quality of the parent brand, consumer knowledge about the parent brand play a life-sustaining role for extended brands. In Pakistan, companies delineate quality as meeting the international standards of quality.Sound brand equity may result in brand loyalty, reduced cost and improved image. It also helps in improving the positioning of a parent brand in the mind of the consumers.CONCLUSIONRationale For Brand Ext ensionAs per our research, couple of factor work as a driving force behind successful brand extension. One of the most striking forces for successful brand extension is growth for the companies. Using brand extension, growth can be achieved either by maintaining current market share or by entering into new market segments which are not yet explored by the competitors. This can be achieved through leveraging or improvising favorable core brand into extended brands. Those companies which are operating in multiple categories or industries try to extend their brands not because of gaining growth but as a chance of trend of brand extension. Such actions world power bodge the core brands and essence of brand extension.To be successful in brand extension, steadfastness is a prerequisite. Meeting customers need, wants, and demand is one of the other important cause for brand extension. Customer retention is always gained if companies are satisfying customers need, wants and demands. Fo r this purpose companies are using brand extension as a part of their branding strategy. Using this strategy companies can make their customer more loyal to the brands. This research also shows that brand extension is also used to introduce new brands for the purpose of fulfilling changing customers preferences, their needs, wants, and demands. By doing so companies on one hand try to capture the all possible market segments which eventually result in higher profit and market share.One of the other motivational factors for brand extension is to gain economic advantages. Mostly companies use brand extension because they want to gain higher net profit and want to save cost associated with creating awareness and communication with their customers. A part from saving cost related to promotional activities, companies also gain economic advantage through catering different other segments of consumer by extending their brand into different market segments. As in case of Haleeb foods limite d, chosen for our research, brand extension is done to employ unused capacity due to the seasonal nature of its business. away from utilizing unused capacity, other reasons include, effective promotional activities, (ROI) return on investment, and higher net profits.Our research also indicates that brand extension strategy is also useful to take advantage of consumer trials in a cost effective manner. Cost associated with consumer trials in case of extended brands is comparatively lower than launching entirely a new brand and creating trials for these brands. It was also base that lower cost for promotion and communication is incurred in case of extended brands comparatively to a newer brand. New brand extension can target new customers segments without incurring higher promotional and advertisement cost.Our research also discovered that gaining advantage from economies of scale is also considered as a promising factor of brand extension. Economies of scale related to production, research and development and communication is a motivational factor for brand extension. Gaining advantage of economies of scale from brand extension may ultimately lead to higher net profits. Efficiency of supplier in providing goods is also count. It was also found that in food (perishable) processing companies economies of scale may be dependent on suppliers capability to serve demand.We also found during the feed of this research that brand extension can also be beneficial as far as recall and recognition of parent brand is concerned. In such case, comparatively weaker brands can gain profound benefits in terms of recall and recognition, thus their bargain power with the retailers can also be enhanced. Moreover, to grapple the varying business environment, brand extension plays an important role in terms of revitalizing, re-launching the parent brand. Through this process of revival meeting and re-launching of parent brand, parent brand becomes more captivating.Our research con cluded that increased competition with the competitors along with the other factors also lead to the brand extension strategy as a part of branding. To compete with competitors, companies have to launch extended product, which can cater the needs of the consumer either in the current market segment or in different other market segments, where competitors are performing well. To stay a head of competition, it has now become vital to launch new brands under the parent brand name. One more important factor which motivates companies to use brand extension is to gain advantage of the technological expertise in parent brand. Using technological expertise gained in parent brand, companies try to enter into new market segment by using the same technology which they used in parent brand. Technological might include superior packaging technology or subordinate promotional activities, which companies use in their extended brands as well.Advantages and disadvantages of brand extensionThis rese arch concluded that advantages and disadvantages of extended brands are also recognized by managers. As per brand managers, consumer know-how about the parent brand is vital in the success of extended brands, but it is also important to convey the important characteristics of the extended brands, so that consumer would have an idea about how extended brand differs in terms of specification than the parent brand but not in terms of quality. Brand extension is usually considered more beneficial by brand managers due to the fact the comparatively to launching new brands, extended brands use pull strategy instead of using push strategy. In Pakistan, brand managers use the parent brand name to portray an appealing brand name for the extended brands which might help consumers to realize the parent brand doctrine and eventually accept the extended brands.Consumer trust can also be beneficial for brand extension. During the course of this study, it was found that consumer trust on parent br and may lead to the acceptance of the extended brands easily and in a cost effective manner. Companies have to incur less cost for promotional activities and to create awareness about the extended brands. Due to consumer trust, companies can penetrate into new market segments easily and readily due to the acceptance of the parent brand among the consumers. Consumer trust can also be beneficial when it comes to retailers. Retailers accept the extended brands easily due to the acceptance of the extended product among customers.Consumer trial becomes easy as well due to the image of the parent brand, which results in quick penetration of the extended brand in the market and among the consumers. But it can be opposite if the parent brand name is not much familiar among consumers. It will become difficult to extend the brand under a brand name which is not accepted by the customers. It might lead to failure of that brand.In Pakistan one of the advantages which we came to know is refresh ment and revitalization of brands. Brand extension can also be useful when it comes to repositioning of the brands. Every brand has a life cycle as eventually brands become mature. At such time brand extension is a useful strategy to reposition the parent brand, thus giving it a new life.Apart from advantages of brand extension, at that place are couples of disadvantages associated with brand extension. One of these disadvantages includes dilution of parent brand. From our research we came to know that in Pakistan, according to managers, they didnt face brand dilution as a result of brand extension. They agree that brand extension if done in a wrong manner can actually tarnish or dilute parent brand name, but in Pakistani context, it is not the case.Another disadvantage of brand extension is cannibalization of sale, which as per manager, companies faced in couple of extended brands. In case of Haleeb food, company faced cannibalization of sales in UHT milk and tea whitener. Changin g trend led company to introduce tea whitener, which eventually cannibalized sales of UHT milk. Same case is with Nestle.Success of brand extensionWe found in our research that, a successful brand extension should fulfill the requirement of Fit in terms of consistency and similarity with the parent brand. Similarity and consistency does not mean exactly the same, but extended brand should maintain the quality and image of the parent brand. If extended brand would not follow the same perception which consumers have in their mind about parent brand, then there is a possibility that extended brand might not get the same response which parent brand got from its consumers. As a result extended brand might be a failure. We also found that failure of extended brands as a result of not maintaining the concept of fit does not necessarily harm the parent brand. Brand managers of all four brands which were chosen for this study, always make sure to follow the concept of fit between extended br and and parent brand. They always try their utmost to maintain the same image and quality in extended brands, which they promised with their customer in parent brand.We also found that concept of fit between parent brand and extended brands make consumers to evaluate extended brand as favorable or unfavorable. Their finality about extended brands for favorability or un-favorability decides the future of the extended brands. If consumers do not find a fit between parent brand and extended brand then extension might become unfavorable, and if consumers find fit between parent brand and extended brand, then extension might become favorable. testimony

The Origin and History of Tuberculosis

The Origin and History of atomic number 65Tuberculosis has been with human kind since ancient times. There is much evidence of this bacteria throughout history. M whatsoever bodies have been entrap with traces of the malady from all over the world, from Greece to South America. The strand has evolved and grown with humans to uphold to threaten us, and will continue to do so. However lately with recent amazeings and aid from technology we have al close removed the threat entirely.Tuberculosis has haunted humanity since its truly beginning. The soonest known finding of terbium is from a specimen found in a 500,000 year old homo-erectus. In earlier times atomic number 65 bear on many people, and has recently dwindled in numbers. This apply to be a major(ip) part of deaths up until the twentieth century, which is when the United States started coming out with vaccines and other forms of litigatement and redresss for tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is still a major sickness in th e rest of the world, with a third of the worlds population expected to be infected with the ailment (Robert M. Jasmer). This is for the most part in third world countries where they do non have access to the modern cures and treatments for the sickness. Every year, there is an average of nine million cases of tuberculosis widely distributed (Elimination). This disease still plagues the modern world today with over 12,000 cases reported in the United States in 2008 (Elimination).Tuberculosis is a disease caused by mycobacterium, which is a genus of bacteria known to cause many infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy (Kumar).The specific name for tuberculosis is mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is unknown as to how the disease carried over to humans however there are cases of humans having evidence of tuberculosis up to 9,000 geezerhood ago. Tuberculosis starts out with symptoms somewhat like the flu. These embroil coughing, sneezing, and a fever, as it advances bloo d begins to show up in the phlegm that is expelled from the lungs, which is the classic sign of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can likewise move into other major organs such as the kidneys, liver, and spine. Once infected with tuberculosis there is a fifty percent death risk if one does non attempt treatment, however if one does then there is a very high chance of survival and the disease will be cured.There are 2 main classifications for tuberculosis. The offshoot of which is potential tuberculosis transmission system. A person with this is basically a carrier of the disease, they show no symptoms, and the bacteria cannot be spread to others. However, those with the latent infection have a risk of eventually developing the tuberculosis disease. These carriers will test positive if tested for tuberculosis and if given treatment their infection will not advance to tuberculosis. In enounce to be infected with latent tuberculosis one is suspect to the same thing that would infect t hem with the tuberculosis disease account contact with someone that is infected. The reason this becomes a latent infection instead of tuberculosis disease is due to our immune systems ability to competitiveness the bacteria and it will prevent the bacteria from growing (Elimination).The tuberculosis disease is the second classification, which is the disease that is in direct relation to tuberculosis. This is the disease which consists of coughing up blood and a high death rate as explained before. Tuberculosis can be attained through direct contact with the disease, or if latent tuberculosis infection was already present and the immune system was weakened from some other cause. People infected with tuberculosis can spread the disease to others which may infect them with the disease or only the latent infection until they receive treatment or the bacteria start to multiply and it becomes a disease. Tuberculosis disease is now just commonly known as tuberculosis, even though this c an be attributed to two different classifications.The exact origin of tuberculosis is still unknown however it is known that it branches from the genus Mycobacterium. The earliest finding of tuberculosis was discovered recently in a Homo erectus fossil found in Turkey.Although most scientists believe tuberculosis emerged only several thousand years ago, new research from The University of Texas at Austin reveals the most ancient evidence of the disease has been found in a 500,000-year-old human fossil from Turkey. (Most Ancient Case of Tuberculosis Found)Photo by Marsha MillerView of the inside of a adhesive plaster cast of the skull of the newly discovered young male Homo erectus from western Turkey. The stylus points to tiny lesions 1-2 mm in size found along the flange of bone just behind the right eye orbit. The lesions were formed by a type of tuberculosis that infects the brain and, at 500,000 years in age, represents the most ancient case of tuberculosis known in humans. (M ost Ancient Case of Tuberculosis Found)This recent find has increased the origin of tuberculosis interpret greatly. former it was thought that the earliest evidence of tuberculosis was found in a Neolithic settlement in the Eastern Mediterranean which dated back to active 9000 years ago (Hershkovitz). There have also been discoveries in Egypt of mummies that have evidence of mycobacterium tuberculosis, which date back to 4000 years ago (Zink).Early Grecian literature was when evidence is first discovered of the recognition of tuberculosis as a disease. The Greeks started to call is phthisis which means consumption. The term consumption was used to advert this disease for thousands of years beyond that time. Consumption was used to illustrate this disease because from the observer, it seems as if the victim was being eaten from the inside out. This observation was due to coughing up blood and the poor health of anyone infected, it also described the high death rate of those who had fallen victim to consumption. Hippocrates, a highly renowned philosopher and writer of the time, also observed the disease. Around 460 BCE, Hippocrates identified phthisis as the most widespread disease of the times, and noted that it was virtually al elans fatal (Center). As time goes on more evidence is found of tuberculosis being noted by writers, most famous of them all being Shakespeare. In Much Ado round Nothing Shakespeare brings up consumption and he refers to tuberculosis as scrofula in his play Macbeth. This was due to the widespread infection of peoples in Europe in Shakespeares time.Although knowledge of tuberculosis, or at that time consumption, was known, it wasnt until the seventeenth century that scientific descriptions of the disease began to form. In his Opera Medica of 1679, Sylvius was the first to identify actual tubercles as a consistent and characteristic change in the lungs and other areas of consumptive patients (Center). However, the biggest early bre akthrough of tuberculosis was by English physician Benjamin Marten. In A New Theory of Consumption he wrote that tuberculosis was caused by tiny creatures that, once in the body, could create abscesses and cause the other symptoms. Even with these breakthroughs in arrest the disease, scientists and doctors at the time were not equal to find a proper cure or prevention for tuberculosis.Robert Koch is considered one of the founders of microbiology, the study of microorganisms. He was also the first to discover tubercle bacillus, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, in 1882, which later gained the name of mycobacterium tuberculosis (Brock). In his work he was the first to stain the bacteria to be able to view them under a microscope. This was a difficult task due to tubercle bacillus having a waxy outer shell that would not allow simple dyes of the time to stick to is and therefore could not be seen under a microscope. Kochs work was quickly accepted throughout the world, contrary to his beliefs that it would photograph time for it to be generally accepted.Koch then moved onto a new project, a cure for tuberculosis. He began his work in late 1889 and in 1890 he announced that he had found a cure, what he called tuberculin (Brock). This sparked a huge flock of European tuberculosis patients to Berlin, where Koch had made the tuberculin. This cure had worked in the guinea pigs he tried it on, or so he thought. Tuberculin seemed to work on humans, for when it was injected in the affected reason, the area would react, and then the tubercular tissue would begin to be destroyed. However, this was not a cure, it only decreased the tissue for a certain amount of time, and it did not destroy the bacterium that caused the disease. Koch was disappointed in this discovery, but did not fix up all the blame on himself. He did not intend on his work being released as early as it did, but he was pressured to do so, and was unable to conclude his research before it was bei ng widely used on humans. Although Kochs remedy was not as successful as he wished it to be it still held great value in the medical world. It later became a test to find if someone had tuberculosis and was one of the most reliable tests to date (Brock).Sanatoriums were the first major movement in attempting to help the victims of tuberculosis. Hermann Brehmer was the first to have the idea of putting those infected into sanitary conditions with good nutrition and clean carriage and did so in Gorbersdorf (Center). This idea was formed when he isolated himself after having tuberculosis himself. He went to an area with a healthy climate and eventually was decipherable of the disease. The same idea was carried out in sanatoriums infected patients would be put in a place with clean air, and a good diet, in order for their body to become healthy and battle the infection on its own, which was currently the only way to cure tuberculosis. With no antibiotic drugs or current cures for the disease, the only way to rid oneself of tuberculosis was time and good health.In 1884 the first sanatorium was built in America it was the Adirondack Cottage Sanatorium, and was located in Saranac Lake, New York. This became a trend and soon sanatoriums were popping up everywhere. Many big cities had at least one sanatorium or a specialized tuberculosis center. Sanatoriums were in heavy use from the early 1900s until the middle of the century. They were not a cure for tuberculosis however it isolated individuals with the disease which decreased the spread, and also put them in a healthy environment which aided in their immune systems to be able to fight the disease. In 1948 antimicrobials were introduced, which was accompanied by a cure for tuberculosis, and a severe drop in the need for sanatoriums.Before the introduction of antimicrobials the first vaccine for tuberculosis was created called Bacillus Calmette-Gurin. Since this was a vaccine, it was not effective on those who were already infected by the disease. This vaccine was created by a bacteriologist and a veterinarian, Albert Calmette and Camille Gurin respectively. Their work consisted of finding a non-virulent bacillus to use as the vaccine. They eventually found a strain and began human use in 1921 (World Health Organization). Although the first vaccines carried a lot of risk, it was effective in many studies. Bacillus Calmette-Gurin was widely used in Eastern Europe after World War II and successfully vaccinated millions of babies. This vaccination was used against tuberculosis until recently when advances in medication gave way to much more efficient vaccines.In 1943 the first cure for tuberculosis was introduced. Streptomycin was created by Dr. Waksman at Rutgers University (Wallgren). This was also the first human-safe antibiotic to ever be created, in fact Dr. Waksman introduced the word. This antibiotic successfully healed an average of 80% of all tuberculosis patients (Wallgren). Recently, there has been debate on whether Dr. Waksman deserves the credit that he has been given, including the Nobel honor. iodin of his assistants, Albert Schatz, challenged Dr. Waksmans credit to the entire discovery of the drug. After a legal battle over streptomycin, Schatz was recognized as streptomycins co-discoverer and has received his share of rewards and benefits in this matter (Wainwright). Although this antibiotic was not a cure for all tuberculosis patients, it was a major step in the eradication of the disease.Current drugs that will treat and cure tuberculosis have stemmed from the first antibiotic previously mentioned, streptomycin. There are ten drugs that are approved by the Federal Drug Administration to treat tuberculosis (Elimination). The most important of these drugs is the first-line anti-tuberculosis agents. These antibiotics are the marines in the tuberculosis war. They go in and destroy all visible signs of mycobacterium tuberculosis, and after this treatment, an after-treatment is administered to prevent any return of the bacteria and eliminate any leftover bacterium. This fleet of antibiotics has proven to be very effective in treating tuberculosis.Recently, tuberculosis has been on the rise as yet again in the United States. Strains of drug-resistant tuberculosis have been surfacing which make it difficult to find the right cure. These strains occur due to evolution of the strain if it is able to live through a treatment. This can happen if a tuberculosis patient does not complete their full treatment, misuse the drugs, or use disgraced drugs (Elimination). Along with drug-resistant tuberculosis is also extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis. Unlike normal drug-resistant tuberculosis which is only resistant to one type of first-line antibiotic, extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis is resistant to almost all drugs used to treat the disease (Elimination). This is a major problem because treating a patient with extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis becomes almost impossible, and it is very difficult to find a drug that will work since using the wrong drug could prove to worsen the problem or even be fatal.Tuberculosis originated 500,000 years ago in Homo Erectus, before the modern human had even walked the earth. Up until recently, it has been a major cause of death in Europe and the ring area. Luckily, it never got a full foot into the United States and it was largely avoided here, although there are still many cases reported every year. A cure for the disease was not created until merely 60 years ago by Albert Schatz and Dr. Waksman. Currently there are ten drugs on the market used to treat and cure tuberculosis however that is only available in the United States and other major countries. Third world countries like those in Africa and Asia still suffer greatly from this disease and it is thought that nearly one third of the entire world population is infected with some form of tuberculosis. This disease has ha unted humanity since our very beginning and will continue to be with us for a while until, if at all possibly, eradication is acquired.Although I have not had any direct exposure to tuberculosis, I have been lucky enough to visit a sanatorium near my home. Henryton State Hospital is located about 20 transactions from my house in a slightly remote area of Carrol County. This hospital was originally created as a tuberculosis center for African Americans in 1922 by the medico Board of Mental Hygine (SaveHenryton). This area is composed of many buildings, all of which are abandoned and beginning to fall apart. There is little distinction in the buildings from the outside, but upon exploring the internal areas of Henryton it is quite simple to find what areas were for what purpose. What I have found and distinguished are the nursing dormitories, what seems to be a classroom building, a hospitalization building, a power plant/boiler room, and a cafeteria and auditorium. It is an amazing area to explore and to be able to reach into the past of how things were. Just as any abandoned place, Henryton State Hospital is filled with mystery and possible cover-ups. There are little to no records on this hospital, especially once it was modify into a mental institution. Recently records of a nearby mental institution Rosewood Center have been discovered to show that the mental institutions in Maryland showed below minimal standards in treatment of the patients. Henryton is one of many sanatoriums that show the past of what tuberculosis used to be.Works CitedBrock, Thomas D. Robert Koch A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology. Washington, DC American Society for Microbiology, 1999.Center, National Tuberculosis. Brief History of Tuberculosis. 26 July 1996. 15 December 2009 .Elimination, Division of Tuberculosis. CDC Tuberculosis. 13 October 2009. 15 December 2009 .Hershkovitz. spotting and Molecular Characterization of 9000-Year-Old Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a Neolithic Settlement in the Eastern Mediterranean. PLoS One (2008).Kumar, Vinay. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia Saunders/Elsevier, 2007.M, Wainwright. Streptomycin discovery and resultant controversy. History and school of thought of Life Sciences (1991) 97-124.Most Ancient Case of Tuberculosis Found. The University of Texas at Austin (2007).Robert M. Jasmer, M.D. Latent Tuberculosis Infection. The New England Journal of Medicine (2002)Rothschild, Bruce M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis analyzable DNA from an Extinct Bison Dated 17,000 Years before the Present. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1 August 2001 305-311 .Save Henryton. 2008. 15 December 2009 .Wallgren, Professor A. Presentation Speech. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952. Stockholm The Nobel Foundation, 1952.World Health Organization. 2009. 15 December 2009 .Zink, Albert R. Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNAs from Egyptian Mummies by Spoligotyping. American Society for Microbiology (2003).

Cognitive Explanations of Depression

Cognitive Explanations of DepressionThe cognitive explanation of depression basically rests the idea that disorders happen because of defective thinking. There ar other explanations for depression, and other preachings.The cognitive approach assumes that behaviours are controlled by thoughts and tactile sensations. Therefore irrational thoughts and beliefs cause abnormal behaviours. There are umteen different models that help to explain how irrational thoughts can lead to depression. Examples areElliss ABC model This ABC three stage model was proposed by Ellis in 1962. This model claims that disorders start off with an activating event (A) for usage failing an exam, which wherefore leads to a belief (B) about why this happened. The belief can both be rational or irrational. A rational belief would be like for example I didnt prepare well enough whereas an irrational belief would be Im too stupid to pass exams. These beliefs thusly lead to consequences (C). According to Ell is, rational beliefs lead to healthy emotional outcomes and produce adaptive consequences like for example more revision needs to be done, whereas on the other hand irrational beliefs lead to unhealthy emotional outcomes and produce maladaptive consequences, including depression.Here is the campaign chart of Elliss ABC modelBecks negative triad Beck (1963) developed a cognitive explanation for mental disorders, but focussed it on depression. He believed that individuals who are depressed feel as they do due to their thinking being biased towards negative interpretations of the world and lacking a perceived sense of control. Beck then identified a negative triad which was a cognitive approach of understanding depression, focusing on how negative expectations (schema) about themselves (e.g. I cant adopt at anything), the world (e.g. I must be successful to be a good person) and the future (e.g. nothing will ever change) lead to depression. Beck then claimed that negative schemas m ay be acquired in an individuals childhood due to a traumatic event. Experiences that might contribute to negative schemas include parental rejection, bullying at school, and the death of a sibling. People with negative schemas become prone to making logical errors in their thinking and they usually focus selectively on sealed points within a situation going on while ignoring the relevant information.Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for all mental health problems including depression. CBT is establish on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together. Basically, our thoughts determine our feelings and our behavior.It is the idea that patients learn how to notice negative thoughts when they have them, and then trial run how accurate they are. During CBT, what generally happens isThe therapist and patient identify the patients faulty cognitions.The therapist then tries to help the patient see t hat these faulty cognitions are not true, for example that the patient does not always fail on anything they do.Both the therapist and patient then set goals to think in a more official perspective or adaptive ways, for example focusing on things the patient has succeeded in and trying to build on them.Even though the patient may sometimes need to glance back to past experiences, the CBT mainly focuses on the current situation.Therapists sometimes encourage their patient to keep track of a journal so that they are able to accurately record their feelings, actions and patterns.CBT differs from other depressions treatments because it focuses on specific problems for a patient and is goal orientated. Along with this cognitive behaviour treatment is educational too because therapists use structured learning experiences that teach the patient to monitor and write down their mental images and negative thoughts. Furthermore, cognitive therapy helps individuals develop choice ways of behav ing and thinking, which tries to reduce their psychological stress.

Bob Marley Essay -- Art

Bob MarleyClemson University There are hundreds of thousands of people screaming for you on stage. The Prime Minister and attractor of the opposition sit in the arena. Many thought this was a sight that would never be seen, but it was just the sight Bob Marley had in former of him at the One Love Peace Concert in Kingston Jamaica (April, 1978). This was his first appearance back in Jamaica in 14 years, an amazing orient culminating with Bob joining the hands of opposing semipolitical figures onstage, and holding them firmly together. A hero and an icon while living, Bob Marley continues to influence people 25 years after his death (African Service News). His unison and lyrics worked as the rhetoric of the Rastafarian movement against oppression, exploitation and racism in Jamaica. Using metaphors to describe the hardships of the political fights of Jamaicans and Africans Marley established himself as the spokesman of a race and purification. The Rastafari religion, the heart of Bobs music, based itself in belief of Jah, which was a metaphor for a god of chastity and love. Jah was the force fighting against the oppression from Babylon, the destructive force. Metaphors of oppression and freedom, such as chains and birds, depict social problems and ways of liberation (Jensen). Many of Marleys lyrics include these references and therefore fell into the latitude of acceptance, explained in Muzafer Sherifs studies on Social Judgment Theory (Griffin), of his Rastafari listeners. When Marley spoke of things that were in the latitude of acceptance of his audience, his words impacted them listeners incredibly. If you get down and quarrel everyday/Youre saying prayers to the devil, I say/ Why not help one another on the way/ correct it much easier/ Jah love, Jah love, protect us Positive Vibrations. Marley strived to increase awareness among the people of Jamaica, but his popularity didnt end there. His music spread through the hearts of Europeans, Africans, and Americans. Lyrics and music work together to offer messages comprised of both theoretical and emotional content through the constructs of virtual witness (lyrics) and virtual time (music). Both virtual experience and virtual time must exist for music to function rhetorically (Sellnow). However it can sometimes work out otherwise. In fact, it was the bass backbreaking style of Bob Marleys new age r... ... when it hits you feel no pain. So hit me with music, hit me with music now, brutalize me with music Bob Marley Feb. 6, 1945 whitethorn 11, 1981 Bibliography Bob Marley Continues to Touch Peoples Hearts 20 Years After. (August 7, 2002) Africa News Service, p1008219u1157 Griffin, E. (2003). A first look at communication theory. 4th ed. Boston, MA McGraw Hill. Hakanen, E.A., Wells, A., Ying, L.L.S., (1999). Music excerption for emotional use and management by Hong Kong adolescents. Asian Journal of Communication. 9 (1), 72-85. King, Stephen, Jensen, Richard (1995). Bob Marleys Red emption Song the rhetoric of reggae and Rastafari. Journal of Popular Culture, v29 n3 p17(20) Napier, Kristine. (Nov-Dec 1997) Antidotes to pop culture poison. Policy Review, n86 p12(3) Sellnow, Deanna D. (1999). Music as persuasion Refuting hegemonic Masculinity in He Thinks Hell Keep Her. Womens Studies in Communication. 22 (1, Spring), 66-84. Sellnow, Deanna, and Sellnow, Timothy. (2001). The illusion of life rhetorical perspective An compound approach to the study of music as communication. Critical Studies in Media Communication. 18 (4, December), 395-415.

The Violent Children of Our Violent Society :: essays research papers

Cities of violence Santee, California El Cajon, California Littleton, Colorado. These argon names of American cities and towns where violence has usurped deep into the American heartland where families settle to raise families onward from the violent big cities. Andy Williams, Jason Hoffman, Eric Harris, and Dylan Klebold names of students who came to their schools with weapons to kill those students and staff whom they felt were responsible for their melancholy. What are the actuate factors behind these suicidal attempts? Society is trying to convince itself that it must(prenominal) be Hollywood with its violent entertainment and glorification of violence. Another scapegoat is videogames with all(a) the venire and realistic killing or maybe even euphony that has lyrics considered by the majority to be riddled with suicidal or homicidal messages to todays youth. Politicians, parents, law enforcement, and society are asking themselves, What are the factors steer to the increase in violence among our children?. The most convincing causes for violence in our children lies not in the entertainment industry but in us. The main acknowledgment is depression of the killers due to rejection by their peers, the breakdown of the cohesive family unit due to divorce and the clear accessibility to weapons.The major cause of violence believed by whatsoever researchers is the age-old traditions of bullying and the clique system in high schools. Jerry Adler states in his 1999 article The fair play About High School that these are so called rights of passages that all American students encounter been exposed too. These factors have been around since the invention of high school and adolescents have been forming cliques and mentally ranking them just as in an vainglorious society which are dominated by hierarchies (Adler 56).As in most high schools across the republic the athletes dominate the social scale and enforce the hierarchy, which explains why they are at th e top of the food chain. Its pretty common to see jocks picking on the fat kid or the wimpy kid, or anybody whos different (Adler 56). So what provokes aggression and violence among the lower hierarchical levels? Often it is scapegoating, in which teens are bullied by and in front of their peer group by a higher hierarchical group, leaving them excluded and humiliated. In an online survey conducted by the San Diego Tribune statistics show that 87 percent of students thought that school shooters were motivated by a desire to get back at those who have hurt them and 86 percent verbalise teenagers resort to violence because of other kids picking on them, fashioning fun of them or bullying them (Eckert 2).The Violent Children of Our Violent Society essays research papersCities of violence Santee, California El Cajon, California Littleton, Colorado. These are names of American cities and towns where violence has usurped deep into the American heartland where families settle to raise families away from the violent big cities. Andy Williams, Jason Hoffman, Eric Harris, and Dylan Klebold names of students who came to their schools with weapons to kill those students and staff whom they felt were responsible for their melancholy. What are the motivating factors behind these suicidal attempts? Society is trying to convince itself that it must be Hollywood with its violent entertainment and glorification of violence. Another scapegoat is videogames with all the gore and realistic killing or maybe even music that has lyrics considered by the majority to be riddled with suicidal or homicidal messages to todays youth. Politicians, parents, law enforcement, and society are asking themselves, What are the factors leading to the increase in violence among our children?. The most convincing causes for violence in our children lies not in the entertainment industry but in us. The main source is depression of the killers due to rejection by their peers, the breakdown of the cohesive family unit due to divorce and the easy accessibility to weapons.The major cause of violence believed by some researchers is the age-old traditions of bullying and the clique system in high schools. Jerry Adler states in his 1999 article The Truth About High School that these are so called rights of passages that all American students have been exposed too. These factors have been around since the invention of high school and adolescents have been forming cliques and mentally ranking them just as in an adult society which are dominated by hierarchies (Adler 56).As in most high schools across the country the athletes dominate the social scale and enforce the hierarchy, which explains why they are at the top of the food chain. Its pretty common to see jocks picking on the fat kid or the wimpy kid, or anybody whos different (Adler 56). So what provokes aggression and violence among the lower hierarchical levels? Often it is scapegoating, in which teens are bullied by and in fr ont of their peer group by a higher hierarchical group, leaving them excluded and humiliated. In an online survey conducted by the San Diego Tribune statistics show that 87 percent of students thought that school shooters were motivated by a desire to get back at those who have hurt them and 86 percent said teenagers resort to violence because of other kids picking on them, making fun of them or bullying them (Eckert 2).