The Origin and History of Tuberculosis

The Origin and History of atomic number 65Tuberculosis has been with human kind since ancient times. There is much evidence of this bacteria throughout history. M whatsoever bodies have been entrap with traces of the malady from all over the world, from Greece to South America. The strand has evolved and grown with humans to uphold to threaten us, and will continue to do so. However lately with recent amazeings and aid from technology we have al close removed the threat entirely.Tuberculosis has haunted humanity since its truly beginning. The soonest known finding of terbium is from a specimen found in a 500,000 year old homo-erectus. In earlier times atomic number 65 bear on many people, and has recently dwindled in numbers. This apply to be a major(ip) part of deaths up until the twentieth century, which is when the United States started coming out with vaccines and other forms of litigatement and redresss for tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is still a major sickness in th e rest of the world, with a third of the worlds population expected to be infected with the ailment (Robert M. Jasmer). This is for the most part in third world countries where they do non have access to the modern cures and treatments for the sickness. Every year, there is an average of nine million cases of tuberculosis widely distributed (Elimination). This disease still plagues the modern world today with over 12,000 cases reported in the United States in 2008 (Elimination).Tuberculosis is a disease caused by mycobacterium, which is a genus of bacteria known to cause many infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy (Kumar).The specific name for tuberculosis is mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is unknown as to how the disease carried over to humans however there are cases of humans having evidence of tuberculosis up to 9,000 geezerhood ago. Tuberculosis starts out with symptoms somewhat like the flu. These embroil coughing, sneezing, and a fever, as it advances bloo d begins to show up in the phlegm that is expelled from the lungs, which is the classic sign of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can likewise move into other major organs such as the kidneys, liver, and spine. Once infected with tuberculosis there is a fifty percent death risk if one does non attempt treatment, however if one does then there is a very high chance of survival and the disease will be cured.There are 2 main classifications for tuberculosis. The offshoot of which is potential tuberculosis transmission system. A person with this is basically a carrier of the disease, they show no symptoms, and the bacteria cannot be spread to others. However, those with the latent infection have a risk of eventually developing the tuberculosis disease. These carriers will test positive if tested for tuberculosis and if given treatment their infection will not advance to tuberculosis. In enounce to be infected with latent tuberculosis one is suspect to the same thing that would infect t hem with the tuberculosis disease account contact with someone that is infected. The reason this becomes a latent infection instead of tuberculosis disease is due to our immune systems ability to competitiveness the bacteria and it will prevent the bacteria from growing (Elimination).The tuberculosis disease is the second classification, which is the disease that is in direct relation to tuberculosis. This is the disease which consists of coughing up blood and a high death rate as explained before. Tuberculosis can be attained through direct contact with the disease, or if latent tuberculosis infection was already present and the immune system was weakened from some other cause. People infected with tuberculosis can spread the disease to others which may infect them with the disease or only the latent infection until they receive treatment or the bacteria start to multiply and it becomes a disease. Tuberculosis disease is now just commonly known as tuberculosis, even though this c an be attributed to two different classifications.The exact origin of tuberculosis is still unknown however it is known that it branches from the genus Mycobacterium. The earliest finding of tuberculosis was discovered recently in a Homo erectus fossil found in Turkey.Although most scientists believe tuberculosis emerged only several thousand years ago, new research from The University of Texas at Austin reveals the most ancient evidence of the disease has been found in a 500,000-year-old human fossil from Turkey. (Most Ancient Case of Tuberculosis Found)Photo by Marsha MillerView of the inside of a adhesive plaster cast of the skull of the newly discovered young male Homo erectus from western Turkey. The stylus points to tiny lesions 1-2 mm in size found along the flange of bone just behind the right eye orbit. The lesions were formed by a type of tuberculosis that infects the brain and, at 500,000 years in age, represents the most ancient case of tuberculosis known in humans. (M ost Ancient Case of Tuberculosis Found)This recent find has increased the origin of tuberculosis interpret greatly. former it was thought that the earliest evidence of tuberculosis was found in a Neolithic settlement in the Eastern Mediterranean which dated back to active 9000 years ago (Hershkovitz). There have also been discoveries in Egypt of mummies that have evidence of mycobacterium tuberculosis, which date back to 4000 years ago (Zink).Early Grecian literature was when evidence is first discovered of the recognition of tuberculosis as a disease. The Greeks started to call is phthisis which means consumption. The term consumption was used to advert this disease for thousands of years beyond that time. Consumption was used to illustrate this disease because from the observer, it seems as if the victim was being eaten from the inside out. This observation was due to coughing up blood and the poor health of anyone infected, it also described the high death rate of those who had fallen victim to consumption. Hippocrates, a highly renowned philosopher and writer of the time, also observed the disease. Around 460 BCE, Hippocrates identified phthisis as the most widespread disease of the times, and noted that it was virtually al elans fatal (Center). As time goes on more evidence is found of tuberculosis being noted by writers, most famous of them all being Shakespeare. In Much Ado round Nothing Shakespeare brings up consumption and he refers to tuberculosis as scrofula in his play Macbeth. This was due to the widespread infection of peoples in Europe in Shakespeares time.Although knowledge of tuberculosis, or at that time consumption, was known, it wasnt until the seventeenth century that scientific descriptions of the disease began to form. In his Opera Medica of 1679, Sylvius was the first to identify actual tubercles as a consistent and characteristic change in the lungs and other areas of consumptive patients (Center). However, the biggest early bre akthrough of tuberculosis was by English physician Benjamin Marten. In A New Theory of Consumption he wrote that tuberculosis was caused by tiny creatures that, once in the body, could create abscesses and cause the other symptoms. Even with these breakthroughs in arrest the disease, scientists and doctors at the time were not equal to find a proper cure or prevention for tuberculosis.Robert Koch is considered one of the founders of microbiology, the study of microorganisms. He was also the first to discover tubercle bacillus, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, in 1882, which later gained the name of mycobacterium tuberculosis (Brock). In his work he was the first to stain the bacteria to be able to view them under a microscope. This was a difficult task due to tubercle bacillus having a waxy outer shell that would not allow simple dyes of the time to stick to is and therefore could not be seen under a microscope. Kochs work was quickly accepted throughout the world, contrary to his beliefs that it would photograph time for it to be generally accepted.Koch then moved onto a new project, a cure for tuberculosis. He began his work in late 1889 and in 1890 he announced that he had found a cure, what he called tuberculin (Brock). This sparked a huge flock of European tuberculosis patients to Berlin, where Koch had made the tuberculin. This cure had worked in the guinea pigs he tried it on, or so he thought. Tuberculin seemed to work on humans, for when it was injected in the affected reason, the area would react, and then the tubercular tissue would begin to be destroyed. However, this was not a cure, it only decreased the tissue for a certain amount of time, and it did not destroy the bacterium that caused the disease. Koch was disappointed in this discovery, but did not fix up all the blame on himself. He did not intend on his work being released as early as it did, but he was pressured to do so, and was unable to conclude his research before it was bei ng widely used on humans. Although Kochs remedy was not as successful as he wished it to be it still held great value in the medical world. It later became a test to find if someone had tuberculosis and was one of the most reliable tests to date (Brock).Sanatoriums were the first major movement in attempting to help the victims of tuberculosis. Hermann Brehmer was the first to have the idea of putting those infected into sanitary conditions with good nutrition and clean carriage and did so in Gorbersdorf (Center). This idea was formed when he isolated himself after having tuberculosis himself. He went to an area with a healthy climate and eventually was decipherable of the disease. The same idea was carried out in sanatoriums infected patients would be put in a place with clean air, and a good diet, in order for their body to become healthy and battle the infection on its own, which was currently the only way to cure tuberculosis. With no antibiotic drugs or current cures for the disease, the only way to rid oneself of tuberculosis was time and good health.In 1884 the first sanatorium was built in America it was the Adirondack Cottage Sanatorium, and was located in Saranac Lake, New York. This became a trend and soon sanatoriums were popping up everywhere. Many big cities had at least one sanatorium or a specialized tuberculosis center. Sanatoriums were in heavy use from the early 1900s until the middle of the century. They were not a cure for tuberculosis however it isolated individuals with the disease which decreased the spread, and also put them in a healthy environment which aided in their immune systems to be able to fight the disease. In 1948 antimicrobials were introduced, which was accompanied by a cure for tuberculosis, and a severe drop in the need for sanatoriums.Before the introduction of antimicrobials the first vaccine for tuberculosis was created called Bacillus Calmette-Gurin. Since this was a vaccine, it was not effective on those who were already infected by the disease. This vaccine was created by a bacteriologist and a veterinarian, Albert Calmette and Camille Gurin respectively. Their work consisted of finding a non-virulent bacillus to use as the vaccine. They eventually found a strain and began human use in 1921 (World Health Organization). Although the first vaccines carried a lot of risk, it was effective in many studies. Bacillus Calmette-Gurin was widely used in Eastern Europe after World War II and successfully vaccinated millions of babies. This vaccination was used against tuberculosis until recently when advances in medication gave way to much more efficient vaccines.In 1943 the first cure for tuberculosis was introduced. Streptomycin was created by Dr. Waksman at Rutgers University (Wallgren). This was also the first human-safe antibiotic to ever be created, in fact Dr. Waksman introduced the word. This antibiotic successfully healed an average of 80% of all tuberculosis patients (Wallgren). Recently, there has been debate on whether Dr. Waksman deserves the credit that he has been given, including the Nobel honor. iodin of his assistants, Albert Schatz, challenged Dr. Waksmans credit to the entire discovery of the drug. After a legal battle over streptomycin, Schatz was recognized as streptomycins co-discoverer and has received his share of rewards and benefits in this matter (Wainwright). Although this antibiotic was not a cure for all tuberculosis patients, it was a major step in the eradication of the disease.Current drugs that will treat and cure tuberculosis have stemmed from the first antibiotic previously mentioned, streptomycin. There are ten drugs that are approved by the Federal Drug Administration to treat tuberculosis (Elimination). The most important of these drugs is the first-line anti-tuberculosis agents. These antibiotics are the marines in the tuberculosis war. They go in and destroy all visible signs of mycobacterium tuberculosis, and after this treatment, an after-treatment is administered to prevent any return of the bacteria and eliminate any leftover bacterium. This fleet of antibiotics has proven to be very effective in treating tuberculosis.Recently, tuberculosis has been on the rise as yet again in the United States. Strains of drug-resistant tuberculosis have been surfacing which make it difficult to find the right cure. These strains occur due to evolution of the strain if it is able to live through a treatment. This can happen if a tuberculosis patient does not complete their full treatment, misuse the drugs, or use disgraced drugs (Elimination). Along with drug-resistant tuberculosis is also extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis. Unlike normal drug-resistant tuberculosis which is only resistant to one type of first-line antibiotic, extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis is resistant to almost all drugs used to treat the disease (Elimination). This is a major problem because treating a patient with extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis becomes almost impossible, and it is very difficult to find a drug that will work since using the wrong drug could prove to worsen the problem or even be fatal.Tuberculosis originated 500,000 years ago in Homo Erectus, before the modern human had even walked the earth. Up until recently, it has been a major cause of death in Europe and the ring area. Luckily, it never got a full foot into the United States and it was largely avoided here, although there are still many cases reported every year. A cure for the disease was not created until merely 60 years ago by Albert Schatz and Dr. Waksman. Currently there are ten drugs on the market used to treat and cure tuberculosis however that is only available in the United States and other major countries. Third world countries like those in Africa and Asia still suffer greatly from this disease and it is thought that nearly one third of the entire world population is infected with some form of tuberculosis. This disease has ha unted humanity since our very beginning and will continue to be with us for a while until, if at all possibly, eradication is acquired.Although I have not had any direct exposure to tuberculosis, I have been lucky enough to visit a sanatorium near my home. Henryton State Hospital is located about 20 transactions from my house in a slightly remote area of Carrol County. This hospital was originally created as a tuberculosis center for African Americans in 1922 by the medico Board of Mental Hygine (SaveHenryton). This area is composed of many buildings, all of which are abandoned and beginning to fall apart. There is little distinction in the buildings from the outside, but upon exploring the internal areas of Henryton it is quite simple to find what areas were for what purpose. What I have found and distinguished are the nursing dormitories, what seems to be a classroom building, a hospitalization building, a power plant/boiler room, and a cafeteria and auditorium. It is an amazing area to explore and to be able to reach into the past of how things were. Just as any abandoned place, Henryton State Hospital is filled with mystery and possible cover-ups. There are little to no records on this hospital, especially once it was modify into a mental institution. Recently records of a nearby mental institution Rosewood Center have been discovered to show that the mental institutions in Maryland showed below minimal standards in treatment of the patients. Henryton is one of many sanatoriums that show the past of what tuberculosis used to be.Works CitedBrock, Thomas D. Robert Koch A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology. Washington, DC American Society for Microbiology, 1999.Center, National Tuberculosis. Brief History of Tuberculosis. 26 July 1996. 15 December 2009 .Elimination, Division of Tuberculosis. CDC Tuberculosis. 13 October 2009. 15 December 2009 .Hershkovitz. spotting and Molecular Characterization of 9000-Year-Old Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a Neolithic Settlement in the Eastern Mediterranean. PLoS One (2008).Kumar, Vinay. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia Saunders/Elsevier, 2007.M, Wainwright. Streptomycin discovery and resultant controversy. History and school of thought of Life Sciences (1991) 97-124.Most Ancient Case of Tuberculosis Found. The University of Texas at Austin (2007).Robert M. Jasmer, M.D. Latent Tuberculosis Infection. The New England Journal of Medicine (2002)Rothschild, Bruce M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis analyzable DNA from an Extinct Bison Dated 17,000 Years before the Present. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1 August 2001 305-311 .Save Henryton. 2008. 15 December 2009 .Wallgren, Professor A. Presentation Speech. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952. Stockholm The Nobel Foundation, 1952.World Health Organization. 2009. 15 December 2009 .Zink, Albert R. Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNAs from Egyptian Mummies by Spoligotyping. American Society for Microbiology (2003).

Cognitive Explanations of Depression

Cognitive Explanations of DepressionThe cognitive explanation of depression basically rests the idea that disorders happen because of defective thinking. There ar other explanations for depression, and other preachings.The cognitive approach assumes that behaviours are controlled by thoughts and tactile sensations. Therefore irrational thoughts and beliefs cause abnormal behaviours. There are umteen different models that help to explain how irrational thoughts can lead to depression. Examples areElliss ABC model This ABC three stage model was proposed by Ellis in 1962. This model claims that disorders start off with an activating event (A) for usage failing an exam, which wherefore leads to a belief (B) about why this happened. The belief can both be rational or irrational. A rational belief would be like for example I didnt prepare well enough whereas an irrational belief would be Im too stupid to pass exams. These beliefs thusly lead to consequences (C). According to Ell is, rational beliefs lead to healthy emotional outcomes and produce adaptive consequences like for example more revision needs to be done, whereas on the other hand irrational beliefs lead to unhealthy emotional outcomes and produce maladaptive consequences, including depression.Here is the campaign chart of Elliss ABC modelBecks negative triad Beck (1963) developed a cognitive explanation for mental disorders, but focussed it on depression. He believed that individuals who are depressed feel as they do due to their thinking being biased towards negative interpretations of the world and lacking a perceived sense of control. Beck then identified a negative triad which was a cognitive approach of understanding depression, focusing on how negative expectations (schema) about themselves (e.g. I cant adopt at anything), the world (e.g. I must be successful to be a good person) and the future (e.g. nothing will ever change) lead to depression. Beck then claimed that negative schemas m ay be acquired in an individuals childhood due to a traumatic event. Experiences that might contribute to negative schemas include parental rejection, bullying at school, and the death of a sibling. People with negative schemas become prone to making logical errors in their thinking and they usually focus selectively on sealed points within a situation going on while ignoring the relevant information.Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for all mental health problems including depression. CBT is establish on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together. Basically, our thoughts determine our feelings and our behavior.It is the idea that patients learn how to notice negative thoughts when they have them, and then trial run how accurate they are. During CBT, what generally happens isThe therapist and patient identify the patients faulty cognitions.The therapist then tries to help the patient see t hat these faulty cognitions are not true, for example that the patient does not always fail on anything they do.Both the therapist and patient then set goals to think in a more official perspective or adaptive ways, for example focusing on things the patient has succeeded in and trying to build on them.Even though the patient may sometimes need to glance back to past experiences, the CBT mainly focuses on the current situation.Therapists sometimes encourage their patient to keep track of a journal so that they are able to accurately record their feelings, actions and patterns.CBT differs from other depressions treatments because it focuses on specific problems for a patient and is goal orientated. Along with this cognitive behaviour treatment is educational too because therapists use structured learning experiences that teach the patient to monitor and write down their mental images and negative thoughts. Furthermore, cognitive therapy helps individuals develop choice ways of behav ing and thinking, which tries to reduce their psychological stress.

Bob Marley Essay -- Art

Bob MarleyClemson University There are hundreds of thousands of people screaming for you on stage. The Prime Minister and attractor of the opposition sit in the arena. Many thought this was a sight that would never be seen, but it was just the sight Bob Marley had in former of him at the One Love Peace Concert in Kingston Jamaica (April, 1978). This was his first appearance back in Jamaica in 14 years, an amazing orient culminating with Bob joining the hands of opposing semipolitical figures onstage, and holding them firmly together. A hero and an icon while living, Bob Marley continues to influence people 25 years after his death (African Service News). His unison and lyrics worked as the rhetoric of the Rastafarian movement against oppression, exploitation and racism in Jamaica. Using metaphors to describe the hardships of the political fights of Jamaicans and Africans Marley established himself as the spokesman of a race and purification. The Rastafari religion, the heart of Bobs music, based itself in belief of Jah, which was a metaphor for a god of chastity and love. Jah was the force fighting against the oppression from Babylon, the destructive force. Metaphors of oppression and freedom, such as chains and birds, depict social problems and ways of liberation (Jensen). Many of Marleys lyrics include these references and therefore fell into the latitude of acceptance, explained in Muzafer Sherifs studies on Social Judgment Theory (Griffin), of his Rastafari listeners. When Marley spoke of things that were in the latitude of acceptance of his audience, his words impacted them listeners incredibly. If you get down and quarrel everyday/Youre saying prayers to the devil, I say/ Why not help one another on the way/ correct it much easier/ Jah love, Jah love, protect us Positive Vibrations. Marley strived to increase awareness among the people of Jamaica, but his popularity didnt end there. His music spread through the hearts of Europeans, Africans, and Americans. Lyrics and music work together to offer messages comprised of both theoretical and emotional content through the constructs of virtual witness (lyrics) and virtual time (music). Both virtual experience and virtual time must exist for music to function rhetorically (Sellnow). However it can sometimes work out otherwise. In fact, it was the bass backbreaking style of Bob Marleys new age r... ... when it hits you feel no pain. So hit me with music, hit me with music now, brutalize me with music Bob Marley Feb. 6, 1945 whitethorn 11, 1981 Bibliography Bob Marley Continues to Touch Peoples Hearts 20 Years After. (August 7, 2002) Africa News Service, p1008219u1157 Griffin, E. (2003). A first look at communication theory. 4th ed. Boston, MA McGraw Hill. Hakanen, E.A., Wells, A., Ying, L.L.S., (1999). Music excerption for emotional use and management by Hong Kong adolescents. Asian Journal of Communication. 9 (1), 72-85. King, Stephen, Jensen, Richard (1995). Bob Marleys Red emption Song the rhetoric of reggae and Rastafari. Journal of Popular Culture, v29 n3 p17(20) Napier, Kristine. (Nov-Dec 1997) Antidotes to pop culture poison. Policy Review, n86 p12(3) Sellnow, Deanna D. (1999). Music as persuasion Refuting hegemonic Masculinity in He Thinks Hell Keep Her. Womens Studies in Communication. 22 (1, Spring), 66-84. Sellnow, Deanna, and Sellnow, Timothy. (2001). The illusion of life rhetorical perspective An compound approach to the study of music as communication. Critical Studies in Media Communication. 18 (4, December), 395-415.

The Violent Children of Our Violent Society :: essays research papers

Cities of violence Santee, California El Cajon, California Littleton, Colorado. These argon names of American cities and towns where violence has usurped deep into the American heartland where families settle to raise families onward from the violent big cities. Andy Williams, Jason Hoffman, Eric Harris, and Dylan Klebold names of students who came to their schools with weapons to kill those students and staff whom they felt were responsible for their melancholy. What are the actuate factors behind these suicidal attempts? Society is trying to convince itself that it must(prenominal) be Hollywood with its violent entertainment and glorification of violence. Another scapegoat is videogames with all(a) the venire and realistic killing or maybe even euphony that has lyrics considered by the majority to be riddled with suicidal or homicidal messages to todays youth. Politicians, parents, law enforcement, and society are asking themselves, What are the factors steer to the increase in violence among our children?. The most convincing causes for violence in our children lies not in the entertainment industry but in us. The main acknowledgment is depression of the killers due to rejection by their peers, the breakdown of the cohesive family unit due to divorce and the clear accessibility to weapons.The major cause of violence believed by whatsoever researchers is the age-old traditions of bullying and the clique system in high schools. Jerry Adler states in his 1999 article The fair play About High School that these are so called rights of passages that all American students encounter been exposed too. These factors have been around since the invention of high school and adolescents have been forming cliques and mentally ranking them just as in an vainglorious society which are dominated by hierarchies (Adler 56).As in most high schools across the republic the athletes dominate the social scale and enforce the hierarchy, which explains why they are at th e top of the food chain. Its pretty common to see jocks picking on the fat kid or the wimpy kid, or anybody whos different (Adler 56). So what provokes aggression and violence among the lower hierarchical levels? Often it is scapegoating, in which teens are bullied by and in front of their peer group by a higher hierarchical group, leaving them excluded and humiliated. In an online survey conducted by the San Diego Tribune statistics show that 87 percent of students thought that school shooters were motivated by a desire to get back at those who have hurt them and 86 percent verbalise teenagers resort to violence because of other kids picking on them, fashioning fun of them or bullying them (Eckert 2).The Violent Children of Our Violent Society essays research papersCities of violence Santee, California El Cajon, California Littleton, Colorado. These are names of American cities and towns where violence has usurped deep into the American heartland where families settle to raise families away from the violent big cities. Andy Williams, Jason Hoffman, Eric Harris, and Dylan Klebold names of students who came to their schools with weapons to kill those students and staff whom they felt were responsible for their melancholy. What are the motivating factors behind these suicidal attempts? Society is trying to convince itself that it must be Hollywood with its violent entertainment and glorification of violence. Another scapegoat is videogames with all the gore and realistic killing or maybe even music that has lyrics considered by the majority to be riddled with suicidal or homicidal messages to todays youth. Politicians, parents, law enforcement, and society are asking themselves, What are the factors leading to the increase in violence among our children?. The most convincing causes for violence in our children lies not in the entertainment industry but in us. The main source is depression of the killers due to rejection by their peers, the breakdown of the cohesive family unit due to divorce and the easy accessibility to weapons.The major cause of violence believed by some researchers is the age-old traditions of bullying and the clique system in high schools. Jerry Adler states in his 1999 article The Truth About High School that these are so called rights of passages that all American students have been exposed too. These factors have been around since the invention of high school and adolescents have been forming cliques and mentally ranking them just as in an adult society which are dominated by hierarchies (Adler 56).As in most high schools across the country the athletes dominate the social scale and enforce the hierarchy, which explains why they are at the top of the food chain. Its pretty common to see jocks picking on the fat kid or the wimpy kid, or anybody whos different (Adler 56). So what provokes aggression and violence among the lower hierarchical levels? Often it is scapegoating, in which teens are bullied by and in fr ont of their peer group by a higher hierarchical group, leaving them excluded and humiliated. In an online survey conducted by the San Diego Tribune statistics show that 87 percent of students thought that school shooters were motivated by a desire to get back at those who have hurt them and 86 percent said teenagers resort to violence because of other kids picking on them, making fun of them or bullying them (Eckert 2).

Capital Punishment Essay - The Horror of the Death Penalty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Horror of the Death Penalty The death penalty has existed for well over 4000 years. In 1728 BC the tag of Hamurabe was passed to allow legal proceeding. For centuries capitalpunishment was a public spectacle states used executions to demonstrate theultimate consequence of attacking the state. During the 18th century in Englandexecutions attracted tens of thousands of mountain and in some cases there would beriots. Also in England the perform was allowed to burn people alive at the stakefor the crime of heresy. Under milksop Mary Tutor (the infamous Bloody Mary)thousands were executed just for not returning to the Catholic faith. Most ofthese executions took point in the market place so the public would be aware ofwhat would happen if you decided to follow your own religion. Many burned atthe stake were women and some were even children. It is ironic thatChristianity is built around forgiveness. Many other gruesome mass executionsthroughout the ages were performed for minor crimes that today would be classedas mmisdemeanors. One of the most vicious methods of execution ever invented was gearednot only to inflict pain but to provide a gruesome spectacle for the public. Itwas the English punishment for treason. It is called hanging, drawing andcountering. First you would be dragged to the place of execution on a hurdle.This is a type of sled that was attached to the back of a horse. You would behanged to the brink of death before existence cut down. The third stage of theexecution is that the persons gentiles would be cut off and burned in front ofthe body before it was cut from the going to the chest and the intestines wouldbe taken out and also burned, after the body would be cut into four pieces andthe head would be displayed for the public. In one case a man at the point ofthe hanging took a literal running jump in order to break his neck butunfortunately the stack broke instead. This caused him to be totally consciousfor the rest of the execution. In some parts of the world executions are still performed in keepingwith traditions of the Catholic church. In the Philippines, since the churchbelieves that Christ died at 300 in the afternoon, every execution done in thiscountry is performed at 300. Even more incredible is the fact that in someIslamic countries executions are performed as they were throughout history.Under Islamic law there is no difference between the church and the state and

Analysis of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Essay -- Literature Fahrenh

Analysis of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Imagine living in a conception where you are not in control of your own thoughts. Imagine living in a world in which all the great thinkers of the past restrain been blurred from existence. Imagine living in a world where life no longer involves beauty, but instead a controlled system that the government is loose of manipulating. In Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451, such a world is brought to the awareness of the reader through a description of the impacts of censorship and forced conformity on people living in a futuristic society. In this society, all works of literature have become a symbol of unnecessary tilt and are outlawed. Individuality and thought is outlawed. The human mind is outlawed. All that is left is a senseless society, unaware of their path to self-destruction, knowing only what the government wants them to know. By telling a tale of a world parallel to our own, Bradbury warns us of a upcoming we are on a path to -- a incoming of mind manipulation, misused technology, ignorance, and hatred. He challenges the reader to remain open-minded by promoting individualism, the appreciation of literature, the defiance of censorship and conformity, and most importantly, change. Bradburys inspiration to convey the themes involved in the novel resulted mainly from the social situation of the time. First of all, the novel was written shortly after World War II and increasing numbers of authors began authorship about serious topics. Also, the invention of the atom bomb had aroused the Cold War and the use of technology as a form of destruction (Touponce 124). seeing technology as a potential threat to the well-being of mankind, Bradbury uses Fahrenheit 451 to state his distrust for it in the novel, which explains why the devices are depicted as chilling, achromatic gadgets of mechanized anti-culture, (Mogen 141). Also, as the television was becoming the main form of communication in the 50s, Bradbury believed that it was reducing society to very mediocre tastes (Touponce 125). As a defence mechanism against the degradation of literature (as well as peoples minds), Bradbury int stop overed to teach us of the importance of books by showing us the misery involved in a world that lacks them. Another social consequence leading to the writing of Fahrenheit 451 was that, at the time, the country was going through what was ... ...is one must crash some time. In Bradburys society, all communication to the disturbing outside world had been cut off in revisal to keep the citizens from worrying. Yet, the society had been living in blind happiness, oblivious(p) to the war raging outside their world and the bomb that finally destroyed them. The horrific society that Bradbury had depicted had been intended to be parallel to our own in order to provide us with a warning. He is warning us of the consequences of censorship and conformity. He is warning us of a future of ignorance. He is warni ng us of a path we may take if we are not careful. He incites us to remain open-minded and to take on our own quests for self-improvement through knowledge. He teaches us to value books in order to gain that knowledge. He pushes us to fight the censorship that suppresses great minds and hides this knowledge, of which without, we may never know the problems of our culture. Our future depends entirely upon the truth and intellectual freedom, and if we do not rise from the ashes of our present like the Phoenix, we may fall victim to self-destruction and ultimately put an end to ourselves, much like Bradburys fictional society.

Chemosynthesis :: essays research papers fc

IntroductionSynthesis is the process of producing a chemical deepen usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds. For example, photosynthesis, the word photo means putting together with light. Photosynthesis is the process of converting cheer into food for organic organisms such as plants. Photosynthesis is the basis of life for artificial satellite earth and without it not only would we not be able to produce the fruits and vegetables that we consume, but the food to feed the animals that we eat. Plants absorb this sunlight which in turn makes oxygen in a process called respiration. This delicate cycle is what allows us to nail on this planet. Although much of the life on this planet relies on photosynthesis in one way or another, there is another form of synthesis that is equally as important, chemosynthesis.The deep sea is considered the largest, yet, least-known habitat on earth and covers about two-thirds of the earth. Every year, and every dive down to the mysteriou s depths of the deep-sea bring scientist closer and closer to unraveling the secrets of the unimaginable deep. This is where chemosynthesis takes place because there is no sunlight available in order for photosynthesis to take place.How hydrothermal vents workIn 1977, in the Galapagos Islands, the first hydrothermal vents were found. Using a submersible called the Alvin, scientist were able to explore this disaffect world never known to have existed for the first time. Hydrothermal vents are chimney like structures on the ocean floor that release extremely hot, mineral well-to-do water. This process is called Hydrothermal Circulation. Ocean water seeps into the earth, becoming increasingly hotter as it descends downward. As the water passes through the cracks of the earth, it is becoming enriched with metals and minerals until finally turning to a very acerb fluid. When the super heated water reaches about 700&730F (400&730C), the fluid rises and bursts through cracks in the sea floor. The super heated water mixing with the cold sea water causes a chemical reaction and forms particles of metal sulfide to cloud the water. The pieces of metal settle around the area of the crack, and over time, collect to form the chimneys of murky smokers. One would assume that at the very bottom of the ocean, in 700&730F waters, that nothing could possibly exist here. Surprisingly, over 300 strange and unique species thrive only in these conditions.What lives near hydrothermal vents?